What is method overriding and method overloading? Method overriding और method overloading क्या है?

# Method Overriding - same method name, different implementation
class Parent:
    def method(self):
        print('Parent method')

class Child(Parent):
    def method(self):
        print('Child method')
        super().method()  # Call parent

child = Child()
child.method()
# Output:
# Child method
# Parent method

# Method Overloading - Python doesn't support like Java
# But can achieve with default arguments or *args

class Calculator:
    # Using default arguments
    def add(self, a, b, c=0):
        return a + b + c
    
    print(Calculator().add(2, 3))      # 5
    print(Calculator().add(2, 3, 4))   # 9
    
    # Using *args
    def multiply(self, *args):
        result = 1
        for num in args:
            result *= num
        return result
    
    print(Calculator().multiply(2, 3))        # 6
    print(Calculator().multiply(2, 3, 4))     # 24
    
    # Using type checking
    def process(self, data):
        if isinstance(data, int):
            return data * 2
        elif isinstance(data, str):
            return data.upper()
        elif isinstance(data, list):
            return len(data)

# Operator Overloading
class Vector:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
    
    def __add__(self, other):
        return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)
    
    def __sub__(self, other):
        return Vector(self.x - other.x, self.y - other.y)
    
    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.x == other.x and self.y == other.y
    
    def __str__(self):
        return f'({self.x}, {self.y})'

v1 = Vector(1, 2)
v2 = Vector(3, 4)
print(v1 + v2)  # (4, 6)
print(v1 == v2)  # False