How do you manage Django settings for different environments (dev, staging, prod)? Django settings को different environments के लिए कैसे manage करते हैं?

Use environment-specific settings files and environment variables for configuration. Create settings/base.py for common config and settings/dev.py, settings/prod.py for environment-specific overrides. Use python-decouple to load environment variables securely.

// Project Structure
myproject/
├── manage.py
├── .env                          # Environment variables (gitignored)
├── .env.example                  # Example (version controlled)
└── myproject/
    ├── __init__.py
    └── settings/
        ├── __init__.py
        ├── base.py              # Common settings
        ├── dev.py               # Development
        ├── staging.py           # Staging
        └── prod.py              # Production

// settings/base.py (Common Settings)
from pathlib import Path
import os
from decouple import config

BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent
SECRET_KEY = config('SECRET_KEY')
DEBUG = config('DEBUG', default=False, cast=bool)
ALLOWED_HOSTS = config('ALLOWED_HOSTS', default='localhost', cast=lambda v: [s.strip() for s in v.split(',')])

// Database
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
        'NAME': config('DB_NAME'),
        'USER': config('DB_USER'),
        'PASSWORD': config('DB_PASSWORD'),
        'HOST': config('DB_HOST'),
        'PORT': config('DB_PORT', default='5432'),
    }
}

// Installed Apps
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'rest_framework',
    'corsheaders',
    'myapp',
]

// Middleware
MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
]

// Logging
LOGGING = {
    'version': 1,
    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
    'handlers': {
        'console': {'class': 'logging.StreamHandler'},
        'file': {'class': 'logging.FileHandler', 'filename': 'debug.log'},
    },
    'loggers': {'django': {'handlers': ['console'], 'level': 'INFO'}},
}

// settings/dev.py (Development)
from .base import *

DEBUG = True
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']

// SQLite for development
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',
    }
}

// Disable security checks in dev
SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = False
SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = False

// Django Debug Toolbar
INSTALLED_APPS += ['debug_toolbar']
MIDDLEWARE += ['debug_toolbar.middleware.DebugToolbarMiddleware']
INTERNAL_IPS = ['127.0.0.1']

// Email backend for testing
EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'

// settings/prod.py (Production)
from .base import *

DEBUG = False
ALLOWED_HOSTS = config('ALLOWED_HOSTS').split(',')

// Security settings
SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True
SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True
SECURE_BROWSER_XSS_FILTER = True
SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF = True
X_FRAME_OPTIONS = 'DENY'

// Static files with CDN
STATIC_URL = config('STATIC_URL')
STATIC_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'staticfiles'
STORAGE = 'storages.backends.s3boto3.S3Boto3Storage'

// Email backend
EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend'
EMAIL_HOST = config('EMAIL_HOST')
EMAIL_PORT = config('EMAIL_PORT', cast=int)
EMAIL_USE_TLS = True
EMAIL_HOST_USER = config('EMAIL_HOST_USER')
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = config('EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD')

// .env file
SECRET_KEY=your-secret-key-here
DEBUG=False
ALLOWED_HOSTS=example.com,www.example.com

DB_NAME=proddb
DB_USER=dbuser
DB_PASSWORD=securepassword
DB_HOST=prod-db-server.example.com
DB_PORT=5432

EMAIL_HOST=smtp.gmail.com
EMAIL_PORT=587
EMAIL_HOST_USER=your-email@gmail.com
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD=app-password

// manage.py modification
if __name__ == '__main__':
    os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', os.getenv('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'myproject.settings.dev'))

// Run with different settings
python manage.py runserver --settings=myproject.settings.dev
export DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=myproject.settings.prod
python manage.py migrate

// Best Practices
// 1. Keep secrets in environment variables
// 2. Use python-decouple for config
// 3. Never commit .env file
// 4. Provide .env.example
// 5. Use separate settings for each environment
// 6. Document all required environment variables
// 7. Use strong SECRET_KEY in production
// 8. Enable security middleware in production