How do you handle exceptions globally in Spring Boot using @ControllerAdvice? स्प्रिंग बूट में @ControllerAdvice का उपयोग करके एक्सेप्शन को ग्लोबली कैसे हैंडल करें?

@ControllerAdvice defines a global exception-handling component that applies across all controllers, keeping error-handling logic out of individual controller methods. Inside it, methods annotated with @ExceptionHandler(SomeException.class) catch a specific exception type and return a consistent error response.

Combined with a ResponseEntity, this pattern centralizes error formatting — mapping exceptions like ResourceNotFoundException to 404, validation errors to 400, and unexpected exceptions to 500 — so every endpoint returns errors in the same shape.

@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
    @ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
        return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
            .body(new ErrorResponse(ex.getMessage()));
    }
}