Interview question

What is polymorphism and how does it work? Polymorphism क्या है और कैसे काम करता है?

Answer

# Method Overriding (Compile-time Polymorphism)
class Shape:
    def area(self):
        pass

class Circle(Shape):
    def __init__(self, radius):
        self.radius = radius
    
    def area(self):
        return 3.14 * self.radius ** 2

class Rectangle(Shape):
    def __init__(self, width, height):
        self.width = width
        self.height = height
    
    def area(self):
        return self.width * self.height

# Polymorphic behavior
shapes = [Circle(5), Rectangle(4, 6)]
for shape in shapes:
    print(shape.area())  # Different implementation

# Duck Typing (Runtime Polymorphism)
class Dog:
    def sound(self):
        return 'Woof!'

class Cat:
    def sound(self):
        return 'Meow!'

class Bird:
    def sound(self):
        return 'Tweet!'

def animal_sound(animal):
    print(animal.sound())

animal_sound(Dog())   # Woof!
animal_sound(Cat())   # Meow!
animal_sound(Bird())  # Tweet!

# Operator Overloading
class Vector:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
    
    def __add__(self, other):
        return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)
    
    def __str__(self):
        return f'({self.x}, {self.y})'

v1 = Vector(1, 2)
v2 = Vector(3, 4)
v3 = v1 + v2  # Uses __add__
print(v3)  # (4, 6)

# Method Overriding
class Parent:
    def method(self):
        print('Parent')

class Child(Parent):
    def method(self):
        print('Child')

obj = Child()
obj.method()  # Child

# Duck Typing - same method, different objects
def fly(obj):
    obj.fly()  # Works if object has fly() method

# Operator Overloading
class MyClass:
    def __add__(self, other):
        # Custom + behavior

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